Note: Science Research Associates published the book in 1971. I am unsure if the publishers reprinted the book or if it is available to buy. I found it through a university inter-library loan program. I suspect that Becker or Engelmann use the book or some form of it in their special education teaching classes at the University of Oregon.
- Unlearned reinforcers and punishers
- Unlearned or unconditioned reinforcers: stimuli that do not need to be paired with another reinforcer (i.e. food, water, warmth, and activities)
- Unlearned or unconditioned punishers: stimuli that do not need to be paired with another punisher (i.e. loud noise, painful events, and uncomfortable heat or cold)
- Learned reinforcers and punishers
- Neutral stimuli: stimuli that have no effect on behavior
- Learned or conditioned reinforcer: neutral stimuli followed by an unlearned reinforcer (i.e. verbal praise followed by allowing a student to play a game or giving stars for positive behavior where the stars equal minutes a student can play with a toy)
- Types
- Social reinforcer: teacher behavior in response to a student with voice tone, verbal praise, attention, or smiling
- Token reinforcer: points or other tokens in response to a student’s positive behavior that he can trade for other reinforcers
- Grandma’s Rule AKA Premack’s Principle: preferred activities reinforce unpreferred activities (i.e. “You may watch TV if you finish your homework for math”)
- Contingent: the reinforcer is only delivered when the student shows the desired behavior
- Learned or conditioned punisher: neutral stimuli followed by an unlearned punisher (i.e. negative verbal words like “no” or “stop” followed by a parent spanking her child or removing a privilege)
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